The template for a new Windows console application creates a simple C 'Hello World' app. At this point, you can see how Visual Studio builds and runs the apps you create right from the IDE. To build your project, choose Build Solution from the Build menu. The Output window shows the. The App Store is macOS's digital distribution platform for macOS apps, created and maintained by Apple Inc. The platform was announced on October 20, 2010, at Apple's 'Back to the Mac' event. First launched on January 6, 2011, as part of the free Mac OS X 10.6.6 update for all current Snow Leopard users, Apple began accepting app submissions from registered developers on November 3, 2010, in.
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Definition
Gets or sets the top position of the console window area relative to the screen buffer.
Property Value
- Int32
The uppermost console window position measured in rows.
Exceptions
In a set operation, the value to be assigned is less than zero.
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-or-
As a result of the assignment, WindowTop plus WindowHeight would exceed BufferHeight.
Error reading or writing information.
The set operation is invoked on an operating system other than Windows.
Examples
The following example demonstrates the WindowLeft, WindowTop, WindowWidth, WindowHeight, BufferWidth, BufferHeight, and CursorVisible properties; and the SetWindowPosition, SetBufferSize, and ReadKey methods. The example draws a grid pattern in the screen buffer based on the screen buffer width. Then the example moves the console window in response to which of the UP ARROW, DOWN ARROW, LEFT ARROW, or RIGHT ARROW console keys is pressed. The grid pattern helps you see the movement of the console window relative to the screen buffer.
Remarks
The console represents a rectangular window into a larger rectangular buffer area. Both the window and the buffer are measured vertically by their number of rows and horizontally by their number of columns. The dimensions of the buffer area are defined by the BufferHeight and BufferWidth properties. The dimensions of the console area are defined by the WindowHeight and WindowWidth properties. The WindowTop property determines which row of the buffer area is displayed in the first column of the console window. The value of the WindowTop property can range from 0 to BufferHeight - WindowHeight. Attempting to set it to a value outside that range throws an ArgumentOutOfRangeException.
Attempting to set the value of the WindowTop property when output is redirected throws an IOException exception. To prevent the exception, you can set the value of this property only if the IsOutputRedirected property returns false
.
Applies to
-->In this tutorial for C#, you'll use Visual Studio to create and run a console app and explore some features of the Visual Studio integrated development environment (IDE) while you do so.
If you haven't already installed Visual Studio, go to the Visual Studio downloads page to install it for free.
If you haven't already installed Visual Studio, go to the Visual Studio downloads page to install it for free.
Create a project
To start, we'll create a C# application project. The project type comes with all the template files you'll need, before you've even added anything!
Open Visual Studio 2017.
From the top menu bar, choose File > New > Project.(Alternatively, press Ctrl+Shift+N).
In the left pane of the New Project dialog box, expand C#, and then choose .NET Core. In the middle pane, choose Console App (.NET Core). Then name the file Calculator.
Add a workload (optional)
If you don't see the Console App (.NET Core) project template, you can get it by adding the .NET Core cross-platform development workload. Here's how.
Option 1: Use the New Project dialog box
Choose the Open Visual Studio Installer link in the left pane of the New Project dialog box.
The Visual Studio Installer launches. Choose the .NET Core cross-platform development workload, and then choose Modify.
Option 2: Use the Tools menu bar
Cancel out of the New Project dialog box and from the top menu bar, choose Tools > Get Tools and Features.
The Visual Studio Installer launches. Choose the .NET Core cross-platform development workload, and then choose Modify.
Open Visual Studio 2019.
On the start window, choose Create a new project.
On the Create a new project window, enter or type console in the search box. Next, choose C# from the Language list, and then choose Windows from the Platform list.
After you apply the language and platform filters, choose the Console App (.NET Core) template, and then choose Next.
Note
If you do not see the Console App (.NET Core) template, you can install it from the Create a new project window. In the Not finding what you're looking for? message, choose the Install more tools and features link.
Then, in the Visual Studio Installer, choose the .NET Core cross-platform development workload.
After that, choose the Modify button in the Visual Studio Installer. You might be prompted to save your work; if so, do so. Next, choose Continue to install the workload. Then, return to step 2 in this 'Create a project' procedure.
In the Configure your new project window, type or enter Calculator in the Project name box. Then, choose Create.
Visual Studio opens your new project, which includes default 'Hello World' code.
Create the app
First, we'll explore some basic integer math in C#. Then, we'll add code to create a basic calculator. After that, we'll debug the app to find and fix errors. And finally, we'll refine the code to make it more efficient.
Explore integer math
Let's start with some basic integer math in C#.
In the code editor, delete the default 'Hello World' code.
Specifically, delete the line that says,
Console.WriteLine('Hello World!');
.In its place, type the following code:
Notice that when you do so, the IntelliSense feature in Visual Studio offers you the option to autocomplete the entry.
Note
The following animation isn't intended to duplicate the preceding code. It's intended only to show how the autocomplete feature works.
Choose the green Start button next to Calculator to build and run your program, or press F5.
A console window opens that reveals the sum of 42 + 119, which is 161.
(Optional) You can change the operator to change the result. For example, you can change the
+
operator in theint c = a + b;
line of code to-
for subtraction,*
for multiplication, or/
for division. Then, when you run the program, the result changes, too.Close the console window.
Add code to create a calculator
Let's continue by adding a more complex set of calculator code to your project.
Delete all the code you see in the code editor.
Enter or paste the following new code into the code editor:
Choose Calculator to run your program, or press F5.
A console window opens.
View your app in the console window, and then follow the prompts to add the numbers 42 and 119.
Your app should look similar to the following screenshot:
Add functionality to the calculator
Let's tweak the code to add further functionality.
Add decimals
The calculator app currently accepts and returns whole numbers. But, it will be more precise if we add code that allows for decimals.
As in the following screenshot, if you run the app and divide number 42 by the number 119, your result is 0 (zero), which isn't exact.
Let's fix the code so that it handles decimals.
Press Ctrl + H to open the Find and Replace control.
Change each instance of the
int
variable tofloat
.Make sure that you toggle Match case (Alt+C) and Match whole word (Alt+W) in the Find and Replace control.
Run your calculator app again and divide the number 42 by the number 119.
Notice that the app now returns a decimal numeral instead of zero.
However, the app produces only a decimal result. Let's make a few more tweaks to the code so that the app can calculate decimals too.
Use the Find and Replace control (Ctrl + H) to change each instance of the
float
variable todouble
, and to change each instance of theConvert.ToInt32
method toConvert.ToDouble
.Run your calculator app and divide the number 42.5 by the number 119.75.
Notice that the app now accepts decimal values and returns a longer decimal numeral as its result.
(We'll fix the number of decimal places in the Revise the code section.)
Debug the app
We've improved on our basic calculator app, but it doesn't yet have fail safes in place to handle exceptions, such as user input errors.
For example, if you try to divide a number by zero, or enter an alpha character when the app expects a numeric character (or vice versa), the app might stop working, return an error, or return an unexpected nonnumeric result.
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Let's walk through a few common user input errors, locate them in the debugger if they appear there, and fix them in the code.
Tip
For more information about the debugger and how it works, see the First look at the Visual Studio debugger page.
Fix the 'divide by zero' error
When you try to divide a number by zero, the console app might freeze and then show you what's wrong in the code editor.
Note
Sometimes, the app doesn't freeze and the debugger won't show a divide-by-zero error. Instead, the app might return an unexpected nonnumeric result, such as an infinity symbol. The following code fix still applies.
Let's change the code to handle this error.
Delete the code that appears directly between
case 'd':
and the comment that says// Wait for the user to respond before closing
.Replace it with the following code:
After you add the code, the section with the
switch
statement should look similar to the following screenshot:
Now, when you divide any number by zero, the app will ask for another number. Even better: It won't stop asking until you provide a number other than zero.
Fix the 'format' error
If you enter an alpha character when the app expects a numeric character (or vice versa), the console app freezes. Visual Studio then shows you what's wrong in the code editor.
To fix this error, we must refactor the code that we've previously entered.
Revise the code
Rather than rely on the program
class to handle all the code, we'll divide our app into two classes: Calculator
and Program
.
The Calculator
class will handle the bulk of the calculation work, and the Program
class will handle the user interface and error-capturing work.
Let's get started.
Delete everything in the
Calculator
namespace between its opening and closing braces:Next, add a new
Calculator
class, as follows:Then, add a new
Program
class, as follows:Choose Calculator to run your program, or press F5.
Follow the prompts and divide the number 42 by the number 119. Your app should look similar to the following screenshot:
Notice that you have the option to enter more equations until you choose to close the console app. And, we've also reduced the number of decimal places in the result.
Close the app
If you haven't already done so, close the calculator app.
Close the Output pane in Visual Studio.
In Visual Studio, press Ctrl+S to save your app.
Close Visual Studio.
Code complete
During this tutorial, we've made a lot of changes to the calculator app. The app now handles computing resources more efficiently, and it handles most user input errors.
Here's the complete code, all in one place:
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Next steps
Congratulations on completing this tutorial! To learn even more, continue with the following tutorials.